Stem cells can be described as shape-shifters: They are young, undeveloped cells that have not yet been assigned an adult role. They are a biological blank slate that can be turned into almost any kind of tissue. For this reason, stem cells hold enormous medical potential―to create insulin-producing cells for people with diabetes or new brain cells for those with Parkinson's disease, for example. But because harvesting stem cells often involves the destruction of human embryos, research involving them has met with controversy.
줄기 세포는 형태-시프터로 설명 될 수있다 : 이들은 아직 성인 역할이 부여되지 않은 젊고 발달되지 않은 세포이다. 그들은 거의 모든 종류의 조직으로 변할 수있는 생물학적 빈 슬레이트입니다. 이러한 이유로 줄기 세포는 당뇨병을 가진 사람들을 위해 인슐린을 생산하는 세포를 만들거나 파킨슨 병을 가진 사람들을 위해 새로운 뇌 세포를 만들 수있는 엄청난 의학적 잠재력을 가지고 있습니다. 그러나 줄기 세포를 수확하는 데는 종종 인간 배아의 파괴가 수반되기 때문에이를 포함하는 연구는 논쟁을 일으켰습니다.
In the early 1960s, the Canadian scientists James Till (1931-) and Ernest McCulloch (1926-) began experimenting with bone marrow cells injected into mice that had been weakened by radiation, much as humans would be after treatment for a cancer such as leukemia. They observed that tiny lumps grew on the spleens of the mice, and Till and McCulloch speculated that these "spleen colonies" arose from marrow cells they called colony-forming, or multipotent, cells. In 1961 and again in 1963, the pair published its results.
1960 년대 초 캐나다 과학자 제임스 틸 (1931-)과 어니스트 맥컬 로크 (1926-)는 백혈병과 같은 암 치료 후 사람이 방사선에 의해 약해진 쥐에 주사 된 골수 세포를 실험하기 시작했습니다. . 그들은 생쥐의 비장에서 작은 덩어리가 자라는 것을 관찰했으며 Till과 McCulloch는 이러한 "비장 콜로니"가 그들이 콜로니 형성 또는 다 능성 세포라 불리는 골수 세포에서 발생했다고 추측했다. 1961 년과 1963 년에이 쌍은 결과를 발표했습니다
There are two main types of stem cells: Embryonic stem cells are not yet "differentiated" and are generally able to develop into more types of cells. Adult stem cells, which are found in the bone marrow, the brain, and other areas of the body, are less flexible and therefore not as highly valued by researchers. Stem cells can also come from the umbilical cord of a baby or the amniotic fluid of a pregnant woman.
줄기 세포에는 두 가지 주요 유형이 있습니다 : 배아 줄기 세포는 아직 "분화되지"않으며 일반적으로 더 많은 유형의 세포로 발달 할 수 있습니다. 골수, 뇌 및 기타 신체 부위에서 발견되는 성체 줄기 세포는 유연성이 떨어지기 때문에 연구자들은 그다지 가치가 없습니다. 줄기 세포는 또한 아기의 제대 또는 임산부의 양수에서 나올 수 있습니다.
The first stem cells grown in a lab were those of mice. In 1998, researchers at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and the University of Wisconsin in Madison successfully extracted and cultured the first human stem cells. one experiment used donated eggs and sperm to create blastocysts (3- to 5-day-old embryos consisting of about 100 cells); the other used cells from aborted fetuses.
Embryonic stem cells research has been opposed by people who believe that blastocysts are human life and are against abortion. This has created controversy and has led to a search for other sources of stem cells, including attempts to induce mature cells to revert to stem cells in the laboratory.
Congress restricted the study of stem cells in 1996, rules that were reinforced by President George W. Bush (1946-) in 2001 and limited federally funded researchers to using only existing stem cell lines. Some of those restrictions were lifted by President Barack Obama (1961-) in 2009.
In 2008, researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, created the first human embryonic stem cells developed without the destruction of a human embryo.
In 2009, University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers announced that they had changed skin cells back into stem cells, which they then turned into heart muscle cells.
'ID-Health' 카테고리의 다른 글
Hardening of the Arteries (동맥경화) (0) | 2019.09.06 |
---|---|
Fracture (골절) (0) | 2019.09.05 |
CA -125 (0) | 2019.09.03 |
Sperm Donor (정자 기증자) (0) | 2019.08.30 |
Psychosis (정신병) (0) | 2019.08.28 |